An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology. Figure 44 reversible voltage of the hydrogenoxygen cell 14. Before the h 2 and o 2 can join to become water h 2o the molecules must be pulled apart. A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical potential energy energy stored in molecular bonds into electrical energy. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 4060 percent of the fuels energy corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine. Fuel cell technologies program hydrogen and fuel cell technologies program. How clean are hydrogen fuel fact sheet cell electric. Hydrogen as a fuel is a great alternative source of clean and sustainable energy. The second half of this chapter concerns fueling of hydrogen fuel cells, which is considerably more complex than filling a tank with gasoline. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells were first used by nasa in the 1960s as part of the gemini space program, and were used on seven missions. In addition to covering the basic principles of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies, the book examines the principles.
A fuel cell is similar to electrochemical cells, which consists of a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte. Cost analysis of direct hydrogen pem fuel cell lithiumion battery hybrid power source for transportation pdf, fuel cell seminar 2011, orlando, november 2011 for a leading lithiumion battery manufacturer, led an electrical vehicle ev lithium ion battery pack manufacturing cost assessment project. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat. Fuel cells require relatively pure fuel, free of specific contaminants. A fuel cell is an electrochemical machine that generates electricity by a chemical reaction making a hydrogen fuel react with some oxidizing agent. Including the required fcv drivetrain components and their losses 9,10 and the weight of the storage tank5, a fuelcell propulsion system capable of meeting our performance constraint must weigh. While fuel cell electric buses produce no harmful local emissions, some forms of hydrogen fuel production do generate carbon dioxide co2. Dot hs 811 075 february 2009 failure modes and effects analysis for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles subtask 1 final report this document is available to the public from the national technical information service, springfield, virginia 22161. It explains why reformed fossil fuels cannot yet be used to power a fuel cell vehicle, and describes various options for storing pure hydrogen on board the vehicle. An effective project safety plan is essential to identify risks, avoid potential incidents, and guide the safe conduct of all work related to the development and operation of hydrogen and fuel cell equipment.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel often hydrogen and an oxidizing agent often oxygen into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Neither the european commission nor any person acting. The department of energys doe hydrogen and fuel cell activities are presented, focussing on key targets and progress. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that use hydrogen. A fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a fuel cell and oxygen through the cathode. It can more easily be made with a greater surface area and is thus capable of producing hho gas.
Under californias 33 percent renewable hydrogen requirements, global warming emissions are less than half that of a corresponding gasoline vehicle. A fuel cell is a device that generates electrical power through a chemical reaction by converting a fuel hydrogen into electricity. Fuel cells fuel cells hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every enduse energy need. Fuel cells do not need to be periodically recharged like batteries, but instead continue to produce electricity as long as a fuel source is provided. Implementing the transition to hydrogen and fuel cells 19 funding the transition 20 a european roadmap for hydrogen and fuel cells 21 in the short and medium term to 2010 21 in the medium term to 2020 22 in the medium to long term beyond 2020 22 the european hydrogen and fuel cell technology partnership 22 4. The inventor of fuel cell technology was sir william grove, who demonstrated a hydrogen fuel cell in london in the 1830s. How to make a hydrogen fuel cell, build a hydrogen fuel cell.
Groves technology remained without a practical application for over 100 years. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle study american physical society. Analysis of published hydrogen vehicle safety research. The power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors, including the fuel cell type, size, temperature at which it operates, and pressure at which gases are supplied. Safety planning for hydrogen and fuel cell projects. The fuel cell system power response is limited only by the air and hydrogen feed. Workshops parallel to the development of the technology roadmap on hydrogen and fuel cells 11 table 2.
The fuel cell and hydrogen energy association fchea is the trade association for the fuel cell and hydrogen energy industry, and is dedicated to the commercialization of fuel cells and hydrogen energy technologies. Each authorized fuel cell electric dealership has dedicated mirai champions who are knowledgeable and can provide expert guidance on hydrogen fuel cell electric technology, fuel station infrastructure, financing options, and answer any questions you may have about mirai. Heavy duty mobility fuel cell technology hydrogenics. Transient behavior is a key requirement for the success of fuel cell vehicles. The efficiency characteristics of fuel cells compared with other electric power generating systems are shown in. Hydrogen properties objectives at the completion of this module, the technician will understand. The only moving parts in a h 2 fuel cell are the fuels. Ogden stated that practical fuel cells2 are up to 60% fig. How clean are hydrogen fuel fact sheet cell electric vehicles. It will also look at what this investment in fuel cell technology will mean for the eu in the coming years. First fuel cellfirst fuel cell 3 in 1839, william grove, a british jurist and amateur physicist, first discovered the principle of the fuel cell. We call it a dry cell because the electrified plates are not entirely immersed in water, and therefore require a lower amperage to generate hho gas. A fuel cell is an energy conversion device used to capture and use the power of hydrogen.
The pem allows only the hydrogen ions to pass through to the cathode where these ions react with oxygen to produce water. Eere has responsibility for implementing research, development and demonstration activities of the hydrogen fuel initiative and the freedomcar and fuel cell partnership. Hydrogenics works with oems to take advantage of the operational and economical benefits hydrogen fuel cell technology. The fuel cell an energy conversion device that can efficiently capture and use the power of hydrogen is the key to making it happen. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen. The 2020 honda clarity fuel cell is currently only available through authorized honda clarity fuel cell dealers in california to residents of california living or working in proximity to a hydrogen fueling station. Compressed hydrogen container ruptures in the event of pressure relief device prd failure testing to determine consequences general hydrogen vehicle safety research fuel cell safety, safety and risk analysis, vehicle demonstration programs, and codes and standards hydrogen cylinder design and testing. As the only emission from hydrogen fuel cells is pure water, hydrogen is thought to be the most environmentallyfriendly fuel on earth. It produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen, with water vapor and heat as the only byproducts. Fuel cells and hydrogen energy technologies deliver clean, reliable power to leading edge corporate, academic and public sector. The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen can be used to generate electricity via a fuel cell. The acquisition brings fuel cell stack technology and products inhouse which plug power plans to integrate into several models of its gendrive fuel cell systems with first deployments in 2014.
Hydrogenics fully integrated fuel cell power platform solution is developed for the high durability requirements of heavyduty mobility applications. A pem proton exchange membrane cell uses hydrogen gas h2 and oxygen gas o2 as fuel. Projects range from fundamental research to overcome technical barriers, manufacturing. Safety planning for hydrogen and fuel cell projects nick barilo hydrogen safety manager, pacific northwest national laboratory. Fuel cells and hydrogen joint undertakingth stakeholder forum i 10 10th stakeholder forum i fuel cells and hydrogen joint undertaking 4 i i 5 in 2015, the european union became a signatory to the landmark paris climate accord on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, committing europe to concrete measures on alleviating. H2 production from natural gas ng, delivered dispensed at todays 2018 stations 180kgd for range. Building hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in scotland development, manufacture and deployment of hydrogen fuel cell powertrains for heavy vehicles in scotland dr ben todd, ceo, arcola energy limited innovation in scotlands energy storage industry. Little 8, a modern fuel cell is presently capable of delivering 182 watts of power per kg of fuelcell. A cost comparison of fuelcell and battery electric vehicles. Recent results on the cost, durability, and performance of fuel cells are discussed, along with the status of hydrogen related technologies and crosscutting activities. A fuel cell is a device that directly changes chemical energy derived from combining hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy and produces heat and water as byproducts. The fuel cell works principally the same as a battery but it is used as a source, rather than storage. They produce no nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides or particulate matter. Each fuel cell is capable of supplying 12 kilowatts continuously, and up to 16 kilowatts for short periods.
Excludes taxes, registration, license and dealer fees. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 4060% of the fuel s energy corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology ogniwa. About the author jonathan arias is a mining engineer energy and combustibles with an executive master in renewable energies and a master in. Local hydrogen networks could also be used to fuel conventional or fuel cell vehicles.
International hydrogen infrastructure challenges workshop summary now, nedo, and doe this webinar summarized the international information exchange on the hydrogen. In addition to covering the basic principles of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies, the book examines the principles and methods to develop and test fuel cells. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 4060 percent of the fuel s energy corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine. If a hydrogen car isnt driven on a regular basis, the evaporation losses will considerably increase the overall expense of the fuel. The adoption of hydrogen fuel cell powered lift trucks 3 what is a fuel cell. Next step maritime fuel cell generator will be field tested at scripps institution of oceanography in. A fuel cell is composed of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte membrane. From fundamentals to applied research provides an overview of the basic principles of fuel cell and hydrogen technology, which subsequently allows the reader to delve more deeply into applied research. When not lightning, the pole is connected oppositely. Although fuel cells and batteries are both considered electrochemical cells and consist of similar structure, fuel cells require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen to run. The slides covered hydrogen infrastructure deployments around the world, as well as a primer on intergovernmental partnerships to advance hydrogen and fuel cell technology. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60%. Hydrogen fuel cell technology for the sustainable future of.
The power plants are fuelled by hydrogen and oxygen from cryogenic tanks and provide both electrical power and drinking water. These contaminants include sulfur and carbon compounds, and residual liquid fuels depending on the type of fuel cell that can deactivate the fuel cell cata hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Those fuel cells used pure oxygen and hydrogen as the reactant gases and were small scale, expensive and not commercially viable. Fuel cell electric buses have zero tailpipe emissions.
To compete with the ice engines, however, fuel cell systems must operate and function at least as well as conventional engine. Failure modes and effects analysis for hydrogen fuel cell. In very simple terms, a fuel cell uses a catalyst to split hydrogen into protons and electrons, the electrons then travel through an external circuit thus creating an electric current, and. This presentation covers fuel cell basics and applications, properties of hydrogen, primary codes and standards, fundamental. Since this process does not produce any harmful emissions or pollutants.
Fuel cells returned to the laboratory in the 1950s. How to make a hydrogen fuel cell, build a hydrogen fuel. Sunita satyapal introduction fy 2019 annual progress report 2 doe hydrogen and fuel cells program. You may replace the light emitting diode with the speaker taken out of a music greeting card. By integrating a hydrogen fuel cell with batteries and the control system with strategies, one can produce a sustainable hybrid car. Hydrogen and fuel cells in japan jonathan arias tokyo, october 2019 eujapan centre for industrial cooperation. The hydrogen safety panels safety considerations for hydrogen and fuel cell applications is available online. In these cells, the electrolyte enables the movement of the protons. Current performance of hydrogen systems in the transport sector. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel. Hydrogen is split into hydrogen ions and electrons by a platinum catalyst at the anode. The molecules of fuel are hydrogen h 2 and oxygen o 2 color the h2 red and the o2 blue in the fuel cell diagram. Model analysis validated in field experiment testing.
Hydrogen fuel is stored in compressed liquid form and over time some of it escapes through evaporation. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen usually from air to sustain the chemical reaction. Tia thanks the following companies and organizations for their contributions to this document. The fuel cell is an electrochemical device that produces electricity using hydrogen and oxygen. Next step maritime fuel cell generator will be field tested at scripps institution of. Fuel cell engine technology hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells european commission.
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